Free My Antonia Essays: An Analysis :: My Antonia Essays

My Antonia I think that My Antonia, written in 1918, is one of Cather's finest works. Critic H. L. Mencken thought it to be the most accomplished, and shortly after it was published in 1919 he wrote, "Her style has lost self-consciousness; her feeling for form has become instinctive. And she has got such a grip upon her materials...I know of no novel that makes the remote folk of the Western praries more real...and I know of none that makes them seem better worth knowing." One of the high points in the story is the tragic case of Mr. Shimerda's death. In this character Cather shows an almost obsessive longing of hers for the past. A cultered man, Antonia's father cannot handle the hardships he encounters in Nebraska, and longs for his life back in Bohemia. He clings to his Old World wardrobe and foods..."a knitted grey vest, and, instead of a collar, a silk scarf of a dark bronze-green, carefully crossed and held together by a red coral pin." Homesick for his native land Mr. Shimerda shoots himself. Some critics find Cather's recurring preoccupation with the past destructive, T. K. Whipple said that there was an element of passion in the theme. "To have cared intensely about anything, is not to have lived in vain." I think that the theme of the immigrants longing for the past was very fitting. Many of the settlers of the mid-west praries were immigrants, and most did desperately try to cling to their past while building a new life in the melting pot of America. The hardships of the immigrants were not uncommon. Many were forced to go into town to become a "hired girl" as Antonia did before she returned to the farm labor that she enjoyed, where she discovered city life in the dance clubs. My favorite part about reading My Antonia is the beautiful descriptions of the land and other small details. In this story Jim Burden is not only a narrator for Cather, but for the land. Throughout the story his descriptions bring an eloquent style to her writing and capture the reader into the story. "Everywhere, as far as the eye could reach, there was nothing but rough, shaggy red grass, most as tall as I." In a phrase that is now on Cather's tombstone, he comes to accept the power of the land over him, saying, "That is happiness; to be dissolved into something complete and great.

Twelfth night – would you agree with Viola that the use of disguise and deception is wicked?

Deception is a key theme within Shakespearean drama, whether it be tragedy, history or comedy. It is often the cause of a lot of turmoil, especially within Twelfth Night, as there are many romantic difficulties due to the art of disguise. However Shakespeare does not always use deception to cause romantic problems, he shows the act of deceit in many different lights, as is done in Hamlet, for example. Claudius lies to everyone about the murder of Hamlet's father and as a result is guilt ridden, saying â€Å"O heavy burthen†, so it seems that Shakespeare often intends to portray deception as wicked, but does the audience agree with this concept? For surely some good must come from the great extent of trickery. Twelfth Night is an ideal play to discuss this, as although the chicanery causes a lot of distress, this is evened out by the happy ending we would not receive when discussing a tragedy such as Hamlet. It seems this play is reasonably unbiased. When we first hear of Viola's disguise there is immediate foreshadowing as she says â€Å"what else may hap† (I, ii, 60), surely hinting that a lot shall occur due to the extent of her deception, and we have to wait just two scenes to hear of this. We initially learn how Viola's disguise will cause grief as she tells us in an aside â€Å"myself would be his wife† (I, iiii, 39-41), the audience immediately knows that this is an intricate dilemma, as not only is Orsino her employer, but he also believes her to be a man. This is surely wicked, as Viola's love cannot yet be returned, on the other hand if Viola had not disguised herself then she may not have met, and fell in love with, Orsino. The happy ending does not occur until the end of the play, so there is a lot of hardship for Viola to endure before her wishes are eventually fulfilled. In Act two Viola tries desperately to give Orsino an idea of her love for him, telling him that the person she loves is â€Å"of your complexion† (II, iiii, 24), during this conversation Viola's dialogue is in blank verse, showing that she is unable to express her true love for him, this is another example of the cruelty of deception as it is extremely difficult for someone to conceal their love for someone who is constantly in their presence, the audience would relate to this as similar, less dramatic occurrences can often happen in real life. In the final Act of the play Viola's disguise unravels, and to her ecstasy her femininity is received graciously. Orsino tells her â€Å"you shall from this time be your master's mistress†, this is an extremely successful ending for Viola, so it seems her disguise (previously the bane of her life) has finally brought her good fortune. Therefore, in these circumstances, deception has been wicked, only to eventually be rather gratifying. Viola's love for Orsino is not the only problem emanated from her faiade, as it also causes a woman to fall in love with her. Olivia is immediately struck by Cesario's effeminate way of thinking and she says that Cesario â€Å"do give thee five-fold blazon†. This is a dilemma as Cesario (being female) cannot return this love, and viola's realisation of this love causes her to acknowledge the sheer brutality of the effects of her pretence. She expresses her distress with a soliloquy, saying â€Å"she were better love a dream†. So Viola now believes deception to be a cruel thing, and at this point the audience would tend to agree. We have not yet seen any happiness come from beguilement, so we result in agreeing with Viola, however melodramatic her opinion may be. As a result of all this Olivia is put through much heartbreak, and she acknowledges this saying â€Å"so I did abuse myself† (III, I, 95 – 107), she evidently knows that her love for Cesario is an enigma, although she does not yet know that she is being deceived. So even when characters are unaware that they are being fooled the effects of this trickery can still have treacherous outcomes. Olivia is deceived further still when she, in thinking he is Cesario, marries Sebastian in haste, so that her â€Å"most jealous and too doubtful soul may live at peace†. This may currently be seen by the audience as wicked, due to the fact that Olivia does not know the man she is marrying. However this accidental marriage turns out to be a happy one, as when Cesario is uncovered as Viola Olivia is grateful for the misunderstanding and, as far as we know, goes on to love her new husband Sebastian. This is a clear example of when deception is quite the opposite of wicked, as Olivia originally fell in love with Viola, who Sebastian (being her twin) is supposedly the male version of, and as Olivia does not think of herself as gay, this unlikely coincidence – brought upon by deception – is an extremely successful one. Maria instigates the manipulation of Malvolio through means of deception, and the consequences of this prove very wicked on his behalf. First, he humiliates himself in front of his colleagues. They watch on, making comments such as â€Å"fie on him, jezebel! while he fantasises, with no clue that they are watching. This is surely wicked as Malvolio works himself into an emotional frenzy, causing himself to believe that he loves Olivia, and worst of all that she returns this love. The foolery doesn't stop here, as they take the chicanery as far as they possibly can before they are eventually caught out. Feste even chooses to ridicule Malvolio while he i s imprisoned; deceiving him further still he says he is Sir Topaz. He attempts to convince Malvolio he is insane, saying â€Å"thou art more puzzled than the Egyptians in their fog†. This is severely malicious and causes Malvolio much distress. He acknowledges this, saying â€Å"there was never a man so notoriously abused†, this clearly shows how deception is a hurtful, ruthless thing, especially when used upon cruel intentions. Incidentally, Malvolio is the only character who does not receive a happy ending. He leaves with a passionate line, saying â€Å"I'll be revenged on the whole pack of you! â€Å", yet to our knowledge his vengeance is not resolved, as this is the last we see of him throughout the rest of the play. Viola's disguise even causes herself to be deceived, as there is much confusion concerning herself and Sebastian. This almost causes Viola to be forced into duelling with a man, a fight she would surely lose. Viola knows this and says â€Å"pray God defend me! â€Å", it is surely wicked that her disguise may cause such an unfair fight. On the other hand, it is her disguise which also causes her to be saved from the battle ever occurring. As Antonio thinks she is Sebastian and consequently attempts to fight for her, saying â€Å"I take the fault on me†. So yet again deception is the cause, yet also the remedy for a problem, therefore making it difficult to form an opinion on whether or not deception is wicked. More trouble is to come however, as the confusion between Viola and Sebastian continues to cause difficulties. There is a slight quarrel between Antonio and Viola as he thinks she has his money, he says â€Å"do not tempt my misery†. We are lead to think more arguments will occur due to disguise, but the problem is quickly solved as Antonio calls Viola Sebastian, and the confusion begins to unravel. This is another example of how deception can be the problem which, when resolved, ends up causing a lot of good. It is much like a white lie – sometimes wickedness must be performed in order to do good overall. The whole plot of Twelfth Night depends on the continuous theme of disguise and deception, without it the play would have no foundations on which to grow. How is it that such a crucial factor of the play can be seen as wicked? It is only in Act Two that Viola comments on this, saying â€Å"disguise, I see thou art a wickedness†, therefore surely her opinions may alter since then. At the end of the play she does not seem to have such a bitter perspective on the subject, as it turns out that everything has worked to her advantage. Surely, to decide on whether or not something is wicked, you must decipher the outcomes of it, and whether or not it has been beneficial to the people involved. At the end of the play everyone (except for Malvolio) is happy, Viola and Orsino are in love, as are Olivia and Sebastian. These are the main characters within the play, so these are the ones we should be concentrating on, and the excessive use of deception has obviously worked to their advantage. Admitted, disguise and deception cause a lot of trouble throughout the play, and at times can be seen as very wicked. But the overall effects of this are not wicked, in fact they are quite the opposite! If Shakespeare intended for deception to be seen as a cruel thing, then it is doubtful that he would have made this a romantic comedy. For if he aimed for the audience to have such a pessimistic view on the play, he surely would have made it a tragedy, therefore making the effects of deception obviously bad. I do not think that Shakespeare intends for his audience to see deception as a wicked thing, therefore I do not think they do. Overall I would tend to agree with Viola that disguise is a wickedness, however I believe that Twelfth Night is an exception to this opinion, as although it did cause the characters a lot of grief, this concluded to be a very happy ending, typical of the plays genre. Also I can pick fault with Viola's opinion as she says that the disguise itself is a wickedness. I believe that it is not the disguise that is wicked but of course the nature in which it is used, in the circumstances of this play disguise is used to protect Viola and it is not intended to cause any harm. In my opinion this means that it is not wicked, however had she used deception with cruel intentions – much like Maria – then I would have to agree that it would be a wickedness. Some wickedness may have occurred due to beguilement, bit I think the audience would agree that overall, when referring to Twelfth Night, the act of disguise is not wicked.

King Williams War in America

King James II came to the English throne in 1685. He was not only Catholic but also pro-French. Further, he believed in the Divine Right of Kings. Disagreeing with his beliefs and fearing the continuation of his line, leading British nobles called upon his son-in-law William of Orange to take the throne from James II. In November 1688, William led a successful invasion with approximately 14,000 troops. In 1689 he was crowned William III and his wife, who was James II daughter, was crowned Queen Mary. William and Mary ruled from 1688 until 1694. The College of William and Mary was founded in 1693 in honor of their rule. Upon their invasion, King James II escaped to France. This episode in British history is called the Glorious Revolution. King Louis XIV of France, another strong proponent of Absolute Monarchies and the Divine Right of Kings, sided with King James II. When he invaded the Rhenish Palatinate, William III of England joined the League of Augsburg against France. This began the War of the League of Augsburg, also called the Nine Years War and the War of the Grand Alliance. Beginning of King Williams War in America In America, the British and the French were already having issues as frontier settlements fought for territorial claims and trading rights. When news of war reached America, fighting broke out in earnest in 1690. The war was referred to as King Williams War on the North American continent. At the time that the war started, Louis de Buade Count Frontenac was the Governor General of Canada. King Louis XIV ordered Frontenac to take New York in order to have access to the Hudson River. Quebec, the capital of New France, froze over in the winter, and this would allow them to continue to trade throughout the winter months. The Indians joined with the French in their attack. They began to attack New York settlements in 1690, burning down Schenectady, Salmon Falls, and Fort Loyal. New York and the colonies of New England joined together after meeting in New York City in May 1690 to attack the French in return. They attacked in Port Royal, Nova Scotia, and Quebec. The English were stopped in Acadia by the French and their Indian allies. Port Royal was taken in 1690 by Sir William Phips, the commander of the New England fleet. This was the capital of French Acadia and basically surrendered without much of a fight. Nevertheless, the English plundered the town. However, it was retaken by the French in 1691. Even after the war, this event was a factor in the deteriorating frontier relations between the English and the French colonists. Attack on Quebec Phips sailed to Quebec from Boston with around thirty ships. He sent word to Frontenac asking him to surrender the city. Frontenac responded in part: I will answer your general only by the mouths of my cannon, that he may learn that a man like me is not to be summoned after this fashion. With this response, Phips led his fleet in an attempt to take Quebec. His attack was made from land as a thousand men disembarked to set up cannons while Phips had four warships attack Quebec itself. Quebec was well defended both by its military strength and natural advantages. Further, smallpox was rampant, and the fleet ran out of ammunition. In the end, Phips was forced to retreat. Frontenac used this attack to shore up the fortifications around Quebec. After these failed attempts, the war continued for seven more years. However, most of the action seen in America was in the form of border raids and skirmishes. The war ended in 1697 with the Treaty of Ryswick. The effects of this treaty on the colonies was to return things to the status quo before the war. The borders of the territories previously claimed by New France, New England, and New York were to stay as they were before hostilities began. However, confrontations continued to plague the frontier after the war. Open hostilities would begin again in a few years with the beginning of Queen Annes War in 1701. Sources:Francis Parkman, France, and England in North America, Vol. 2: Count Frontenac and New France Under Louis XIV: A Half-Century of Conflict, Montcalm,  and Wolfe (New York, Library of America, 1983), p. 196.Place Royale, https://www.loa.org/books/111-france-and-england-in-north-america-volume-two